Short biography of albert einstein in 150 words
Albert Einstein
Albert Einstein | |
|---|---|
Einstein in | |
| Born | ()14 March Ulm, Kingdom of Württemberg, German Empire |
| Died | 18 April () (aged&#;76) Princeton, New Jersey, United States |
| Citizenship | |
| Education | |
| Known&#;for | |
| Spouse(s) | Mileva Marić &#; &#; (m.&#;; div.&#;)&#; |
| Children | Lieserl Einstein Hans Albert Einstein Eduard "Tete" Einstein |
| Awards | |
| Scientific career | |
| Fields | Physics, philosophy |
| Institutions | |
| Thesis | Eine neue Bestimmung der Moleküldimensionen (A New Determination of Molecular Dimensions)&#;() |
| Doctoral advisor | Alfred Kleiner |
| Other&#;academic advisors | Heinrich Friedrich Weber |
| Influences | |
| Influenced | |
Albert Einstein (14 March – 18 April ) was a German-American Jewish scientist.[5] He worked on theoretical physics.[6] He developed the theory of relativity.[4][7] He won the Nobel Prize in Physics in for theoretical physics.
His most famous equation is in which E is for Energy, m for mass, c is the speed of light is therefore Energyequalsmassmultiplied bythe speed of lightsquared.
At the start of his career, Einstein didn't think that Newtonianmechanics was enough to bring together the laws of classical mechanics and the laws of the electromagnetic field.
Between and he made the theory of special relativity to fix it.
Einstein also thought that Isaac Newton's idea of gravity was not completely correct. So, he extended his ideas on special relativity to include gravity. In , he published a paper on general relativity with his theory of gravitation.
In , Einstein was visiting the United States but in Germany, Adolf Hitler and the Nazis came to power (this is before World War II).
Since Einstein was Jewish, he did not go back to Germany because of Hitler’s anti-Semitic laws.[8] He lived in the United States and became an American citizen in [9] On the beginning of World War II, he and Leó Szilárd sent a letter to President Franklin D. Roosevelt explaining to him that Germany was in the making an Atomic bomb; so Einstein and Szilard recommended that the U.S.
should also make one. This led to the Manhattan Project, and the U.S. became the first nation in history to create and use the atomic bomb (not on Germany but on Japan). Einstein and other physicists like Richard Feynman who worked on the Manhattan Project later regretted that the bomb was used on Japan.[10]
Einstein lived in Princeton and was one of the first members invited to the Institute for Advanced Study, where he worked for the rest of his life.
He is now thought to be one of the greatest scientists of all time.
His contributions helped lay the foundations for all modern branches of physics, including quantum mechanics and relativity.
Life
[change | change source]Early life
[change | change source]Einstein was born in Ulm, Württemberg, Germany, on 14 March [11] His family was Jewish, but was not very religious.
However, later in life Einstein became very interested in his Judaism.
Albert einstein biografia wikipedia Opere [ modifica modifica wikitesto ]. The accelerating universe PDF , su nobelprize. Il diplomatico e studioso ebreo Pinchas Lapide riporta nei suoi testi un'altra versione della frase pubblicata sul Time , comunque molto simile: [ ]. Las ideas de Newton derrocadas.Einstein did not begin speaking until he was 4 years old. According to his younger sister, Maja, "He had such difficulty with language that those around him feared he would never learn".[12] When Einstein was around 4 years old, his father gave him a magneticcompass. He tried hard to understand how the needle could seem to move itself so that it always pointed north.
The needle was in a closed case, so clearly nothing like wind could be pushing the needle around, and yet it moved. So in this way Einstein became interested in studying science and mathematics. His compass gave him ideas to explore the world of science.
When he became older, he went to school in Switzerland. After he graduated, he got a job in the patent office there.
While he was working there, he wrote the papers that first made him famous as a great scientist.
Einstein married with a year-old Serbian woman Mileva Marić in January
In , Einstein became very sick with an illness that almost killed him, fortunately he survived. His cousin Elsa Löwenthal nursed him back to health.
After this happened, Einstein divorced Mileva on 14 February , and married Elsa on 2 June
Children
[change | change source]Einstein's first daughter was Lieserl Einstein. She was born in Novi Sad, Vojvodina, Austria-Hungary on January 27, She spent her first years in the care of Serbian grandparents because her father Albert did not want her to be brought to Switzerland, where he had a job offer at the patent office.
Some historians believe she died from scarlet fever.[13]
Einstein's two sons were Hans Albert Einstein and Eduard Tete Einstein. Hans Albert was born in Bern, Switzerland in May He became a professor in Berkeley (California). Eduard was born in Zürich, Switzerland in July He died at 55 years old of a stroke in the Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich "Burghölzli" .
He had spent his life in and out of hospitals due to his schizophrenia.
Later life
[change | change source]In spring of , he moved back to Germany, and became ordinary member of the Prussian Academy and director of a newly established institute for physics of the Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gesellschaft. He lived in Berlin and finished the General Theory of Relativity in November In the Weimar Republic, he was politically active for socialism and Zionism.
In , he received the Nobel prize for Physics for his explanation of the photoelectric effect in He then tried to formulate a general field theory uniting gravitation and electromagnetism, without success. He had reservations about the quantum mechanics invented by Heisenberg () and Schrödinger (). In spring of , Einstein and Elsa were traveling in the US when the Nazi party came to power.
The Nazis were violently antisemitic. They called Einstein's relativity theory "Jewish physics," and some German physicists started polemics against his theories. Others, like Planck and Heisenberg, defended Einstein.
After their return to Belgium, considering the threats from the Nazis, Einstein resigned from his position in the Prussian Academy in a letter from Oostende.
Einstein and Elsa decided not to go back to Berlin and moved to Princeton, New Jersey in the United States, and in he became a United States citizen.
Before World War II, in August , Einstein at the suggestion of Leó Szilárd wrote to the U.S. president, Franklin D. Roosevelt, to say that the United States should invent an atomic bomb so that the Nazi government could not beat them to the punch.
Albert einstein biografia wikipedia espanol Retrieved 10 December Einstein studente. Paris: Gauthier-Villars, ISBN ——He signed the letter. However, he was not part of the Manhattan Project, which was the project that created the atomic bomb.[14]
Einstein, a Jew but not an Israeli citizen, was offered the presidency in but turned it down, stating "I am deeply moved by the offer from our State of Israel, and at once saddened and ashamed that I cannot accept it."[15] Ehud Olmert was reported to be considering offering the presidency to another non-Israeli, Elie Wiesel, but he was said to be "very not interested".[16]
He did his research on gravitation at the Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton, New Jersey until his death on 18 April of a burstaortic aneurysm.
He was still writing about quantum physics hours before he died. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics.
Albert einstein biografia resumida: Il diplomatico e studioso ebreo Pinchas Lapide riporta nei suoi testi un'altra versione della frase pubblicata sul Time , comunque molto simile: [ ]. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Einstein did not like the part of quantum theory that denied anything more than the probability that something would be found to be true of something when it was actually measured; he thought that it should be possible to predict anything, if we had the correct theory and enough information. In , he received the Nobel prize for Physics for his explanation of the photoelectric effect in
Photoelectric effect
[change | change source]In he came up with a theory that light was made of small particles called photons^ . Using this theory he was able to explain the photoelectric effect. The formula relating the energy and frequency of a photon is . This means that higher frequency light has more energy per photon.
The photoelectric effect happens when light shining on a metal surface causes it to emit electrons. The difficulty for the classical wave theory was to explain why this effect only seems to occur for high frequency light such as UV, but not lower frequency such as red or infrared. Einstein showed that, since higher frequency light has photons with more energy, it has a greater chance of forcing electrons out of the metal.
Einstein was also able to explain other phenomena with photons, such as fluorescence and ionization. In he was awarded the Nobel Prize for this discovery.
Theory of relativity
[change | change source]The theory of special relativity was published by Einstein in , in the paper On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies.[17] It says that both distance measurements and time measurements change near the speed of light.
This means that as one get closer to the speed of light (nearly ,&#;kilometres per second), lengths appear to get shorter, and clocks tick more slowly. Einstein said that special relativity is based on two ideas. The first is that the laws of physics are the same for all observers that are not moving in relation to each other.
Things going in the same direction at the same speed are said to be in an inertial frame.
People in the same "frame" measure how long something takes to happen. Their clocks keep the same time. But in another "frame" their clocks move at a different rate. The reason this happens is as follows. No matter how an observer is moving, if he measures the speed of the light coming from that star it will always be the same number.
Imagine an astronaut were all alone in a different universe. It just has an astronaut and a spaceship. Is he moving? Is he standing still? Those questions do not mean anything. Why? Because when we say we are moving we mean that we can measure our distance from something else at various times. If the numbers get bigger we are moving away.
Albert einstein biografia wikipedia en Gli sviluppi di questa scoperta porteranno all'uso dell' energia nucleare sia per scopi bellici bombe atomiche , sia per quelli civili e industriali reattori nucleari , modificando non solo la storia della Fisica , ma quella del genere umano. URL consultato il 5 maggio archiviato il 22 agosto Hecht, Einstein on mass and energy , in American Journal of Physics , vol. Those questions do not mean anything.If the numbers get smaller we are moving closer. To have movement you must have at least two things. An airplane can be moving at several hundred kilometers per hour, but passengers say, "I am just sitting here."
Suppose some people are on a spaceship and they want to make an accurate clock.
At one end they put a mirror, and at the other end they put a simple machine. It shoots one short burst of light toward the mirror and then waits. The light hits the mirror and bounces back. When it hits a light detector on the machine, the machine says, "Count = 1," it simultaneously shoots another short burst of light toward the mirror, and when that light comes back the machine says, "Count = 2." They decide that a certain number of bounces will be defined as a second, and they make the machine change the seconds counter every time it has detected that number of bounces.
Every time it changes the seconds counter it also flashes a light out through a porthole under the machine. So somebody outside can see the light flashing every second.
Every grade school child learns the formula d=rt (distance equals rate multiplied by time). We know the speed of light, and we can easily measure the distance between the machine and the mirror and multiple that to give the distance the light travels.
So we have both d and r, and we can easily calculate t. The people on the spaceship compare their new "light clock" with their various wrist watches and other clocks, and they are satisfied that they can measure time well using their new light clock.
Now this spaceship happens to be going very fast.
They see a flash from the clock on the space ship, and then they see another flash. Only the flashes do not come a second apart. They come at a slower rate. Light always goes at the same speed, d = rt.
Albert einstein biografia corta Rio de Janeiro: LTC. If you knew the number of protons and neutrons in a piece of matter such as a brick, then you could calculate its total mass as the sum of the masses of all the protons and of all the neutrons. Consultado em 18 de fevereiro de But when something we are pushing is already going at some large part of the speed of light we find that it keeps gaining mass, so it gets harder and harder to get it going faster.That is why the clock on the spaceship is not flashing once a second for the outside observer.
Special relativity also relates energy with mass, in Albert Einstein's E=mc2 formula.
Mass-energy equivalence
[change | change source]E=mc2, also called the mass-energy equivalence, is one of the things that Einstein is most famous for.
It is a famous equation in physics and math that shows what happens when mass changes to energy or energy changes to mass. The "E" in the equation stands for energy. Energy is a number which you give to objects depending on how much they can change other things. For instance, a brick hanging over an egg can put enough energy onto the egg to break it, but a feather can not.
There are three basic forms of energy: potential energy, kinetic energy, and rest energy. Two of these forms of energy can be seen in the examples given above, and in the example of a pendulum.
A cannonball hangs on a rope from an iron ring. A horse pulls the cannonball to the right side. When the cannonball is released it will move back and forth as diagrammed.
It would do that forever except that the movement of the rope in the ring and rubbing in other places causes friction, and the friction takes away a little energy all the time.
If we ignore the losses due to friction, then the energy provided by the horse is given to the cannonball as potential energy. (It has energy because it is up high and can fall down.) As the cannonball swings down it gains more and more speed, so the nearer the bottom it gets the faster it is going and the harder it would hit you if you stood in front of it.
Then it slows down as its kinetic energy is changed back into potential energy. "Kinetic energy" just means the energy something has because it is moving. "Potential energy" just means the energy something has because it is in some higher position than something else.
When energy moves from one form to another, the amount of energy always remains the same.
It cannot be made or destroyed. This rule is called the "conservation law of energy". For example, when you throw a ball, the energy is transferred from your hand to the ball as you release it. But the energy that was in your hand, and now the energy that is in the ball, is the same number. For a long time, people thought that the conservation of energy was all there was to talk about.
When energy transforms into mass, the amount of energy does not remain the same. When mass transforms into energy, the amount of energy also does not remain the same. However, the amount of matter and energy remains the same. Energy turns into mass and mass turns into energy in a way that is defined by Einstein's equation, E = mc2.
The "m" in Einstein's equation stands for mass.
Mass is the amount of matter there is in some body. If you knew the number of protons and neutrons in a piece of matter such as a brick, then you could calculate its total mass as the sum of the masses of all the protons and of all the neutrons. (Electrons are so small that they are almost negligible.) Masses pull on each other, and a very large mass such as that of the Earth pulls very hard on things nearby.
You would weigh much more on Jupiter than on Earth because Jupiter is so huge. You would weigh much less on the Moon because it is only about one-sixth the mass of Earth. Weight is related to the mass of the brick (or the person) and the mass of whatever is pulling it down on a spring scale – which may be smaller than the smallest moon in the solar system or larger than the Sun.
Mass, not weight, can be transformed into energy. Another way of expressing this idea is to say that matter can be transformed into energy. Units of mass are used to measure the amount of matter in something.
The mass or the amount of matter in something determines how much energy that thing could be changed into.
Energy can also be transformed into mass. If you were pushing a baby buggy at a slow walk and found it easy to push, but pushed it at a fast walk and found it harder to move, then you would wonder what was wrong with the baby buggy.
Then if you tried to run and found that moving the buggy at any faster speed was like pushing against a brick wall, you would be very surprised. The truth is that when something is moved then its mass is increased. Human beings ordinarily do not notice this increase in mass because at the speed humans ordinarily move the increase in mass is almost nothing.
As speeds get closer to the speed of light, then the changes in mass become impossible not to notice. The basic experience we all share in daily life is that the harder we push something like a car the faster we can get it going. But when something we are pushing is already going at some large part of the speed of light we find that it keeps gaining mass, so it gets harder and harder to get it going faster.
It is impossible to make any mass go at the speed of light because to do so would take infinite energy.
Sometimes a mass will change to energy. Common examples of elements that make these changes we call radioactivity are radium and uranium. An atom of uranium can lose an alpha particle (the atomic nucleus of helium) and become a new element with a lighter nucleus.
Then that atom will emit two electrons, but it will not be stable yet. It will emit a series of alpha particles and electrons until it finally becomes the element Pb or what we call lead. By throwing out all these particles that have mass it has made its own mass smaller. It has also produced energy.[18]
In most radioactivity, the entire mass of something does not get changed to energy.
In an atomic bomb, uranium is transformed into krypton and barium. There is a slight difference in the mass of the resulting krypton and barium, and the mass of the original uranium, but the energy that is released by the change is huge. One way to express this idea is to write Einstein's equation as:
E = (muranium – mkrypton and barium) c2
The c2 in the equation stands for the speed of light squared.
To square something means to multiply it by itself, so if you were to square the speed of light, it would be ,,&#;meters per second, times ,,&#;meters per second, which is approximately
(3•108)2 = (9•1016 meters2)/seconds2=
90,,,,,&#;meters2/seconds2
So the energy produced by one kilogram would be:
E = 1&#;kg • 90,,,,,&#;meters2/seconds2
E = 90,,,,,&#;kg meters2/seconds2
or
E = 90,,,,, joules
or
E = 90, terajoule
About 60 terajoules were released by the atomic bomb that exploded over Hiroshima.[19] So about two-thirds of a gram of the radioactive mass in that atomic bomb must have been lost (changed into energy), when the uranium changed into krypton and barium.
BEC
[change | change source]The idea of a Bose-Einstein condensate came out of a collaboration between S. N. Bose and Prof. Einstein. Einstein himself did not invent it but, instead, refined the idea and helped it become popular.
Zero-point energy
[change | change source]The concept of zero-point energy was developed in Germany by Albert Einstein and Otto Stern in
Momentum, mass, and energy
[change | change source]In classical physics, momentum is explained by the equation:
- p = mv
where
- p represents momentum
- m represents mass
- v represents velocity (speed)
When Einstein generalized classical physics to include the increase of mass due to the velocity of the moving matter, he arrived at an equation that predicted energy to be made of two components.
One component involves "rest mass" and the other component involves momentum, but momentum is not defined in the classical way. The equation typically has values greater than zero for both components:
- E2 = (m0c2)2 + (pc)2
where
- E represents the energy of a particle
- m0 represents the mass of the particle when it is not moving
- p represents the momentum of the particle when it is moving
- c represents the speed of light.
There are two special cases of this equation.
A photon has no rest mass, but it has momentum. (Light reflecting from a mirror pushes the mirror with a force that can be measured.) In the case of a photon, because its m0 = 0, then:
- E2 = 0 + (pc)2
- E = pc
- p = E/c
The energy of a photon can be computed from its frequency ν or wavelength λ.
These are related to each other by Planck's relation, E = hν = hc/λ, where h is the Planck constant (×10−34 joule-seconds). Knowing either frequency or wavelength, you can compute the photon's momentum.
In the case of motionless particles with mass, since p = 0, then:
- E02 = (m0c2)2 + 0
which is just
- E0 = m0c2
Therefore, the quantity "m0" used in Einstein's equation is sometimes called the "rest mass." (The "0" reminds us that we are talking about the energy and mass when the speed is 0.) This famous "mass-energy relation" formula (usually written without the "0"s) suggests that mass has a large amount of energy, so maybe we could convert some mass to a more useful form of energy.
The nuclear power industry is based on that idea.
Einstein said that it was not a good idea to use the classical formula relating momentum to velocity, p = mv, but that if someone wanted to do that, he would have to use a particle mass m that changes with speed:
- mv2 = m02 / (1 – v2/c2)
In this case, we can say that E = mc2 is also true for moving particles.
The General Theory of Relativity
[change | change source]The General Theory of Relativity was published in , ten years after the special theory of relativity was created. Einstein's general theory of relativity uses the idea of spacetime. Spacetime is the fact that we have a four-dimensional universe, having three spatial (space) dimensions and one temporal (time) dimension.
Any physical event happens at some place inside these three space dimensions, and at some moment in time. According to the general theory of relativity, any mass causes spacetime to curve, and any other mass follows these curves. Bigger mass causes more curving. This was a new way to explain gravitation (gravity).
General relativity explains gravitational lensing, which is light bending when it comes near a massive object. This explanation was proven correct during a solar eclipse, when the sun's bending of starlight from distant stars could be measured because of the darkness of the eclipse.