Giuliano della rovere biography of albert
born Dec. 5, , Albisola, Republic of Genoa
died Feb. 21, , Rome
original name Giuliano Della Rovere
Greatest art patron of the papal line (reigned –13) and one of the most powerful rulers of his age. Although he led military efforts to prevent French domination of Italy, Julius is most important for his close friendship with Michelangelo and for his patronage of other artists, including Bramante and Raphael.
Biography of albert einstein But the Council became preoccupied with the problems associated with France and with the uncanonical council of Pisa-Milan. Julius Winfield Erving. The Venetians meanwhile continued to hold Rimini and Faenza, two important places in the Romagna: they moreover encroached upon the papal rights by filling the vacant episcopal sees in their territory independently of the pope, and they subjected the clergy to the secular tribunal and in many other ways disrespected the ecclesiastical jurisdiction of Julius II. Julius Caesar Watts Jr.He commissioned Michelangelo's “Moses? and paintings in the Sistine Chapel and Raphael's frescoes in the Vatican.
Early life.
Giuliano was the son of the impoverished Rafaello della Rovere, Pope Sixtus IV's only brother. In he became a Franciscan, and in Sixtus IV made him a cardinal. In this office Giuliano displayed all of the attributes of cupidity and corruption of an unscrupulous Renaissance prince.
The Pope lavished on him six bishoprics in France and three in Italy along with an abundance of wealthy abbeys and benefices. The Cardinal, who lacked any interest in spiritual pursuits, became an outstanding patron of the arts. He is shown with his protégés in Melozzo da Forlì's superb fresco of Sixtus IV in the Vatican Museum.
After the death of Sixtus IV, for whom Giuliano commissioned a bronze sepulchre by Antonio Pollaiuolo, now in the Vatican Grotto of St.
Peter's, the Cardinal's candidate, the weak Innocent VIII, was elected through bribery. When Rodrigo Borgia, elected pope as Alexander VI in , plotted Giuliano's assassination, Giuliano fled in to the court of Charles VIII of France. He accompanied the French king on his expedition against Naples in the hope that Charles would also depose Alexander VI.
After accompanying Charles on his forced return to France, Giuliano took part in Louis XII's invasion of Italy in Alexander VI twice attempted to seize him.
Following the death of the Borgia pope in , Giuliano returned to Rome, having been 10 years in exile, and, after Pius III's brief pontificate, was, with the liberal help of simony, elected Pope Julius II in October Immediately after his election he decreed that all future simoniacal papal elections would be invalid and subject to penalty.
Political activities.
Julius II viewed as the main task of his pontificate the restoration of the Papal States, which had been reduced to ruin by the Borgias.
Large portions of it had been appropriated by Venice after Alexander VI's death. As a first step as pope, Julius subjugated Perugia and Bologna in the autumn of Then, in March , he joined the League of Cambrai, an anti-Venetian alliance formed in December between Louis XII, who then ruled Milan, Emperor Maximilian I, and Ferdinand II of Spain, who had been king of Naples since The league troops defeated Venice in May near Cremona, and the Papal States were restored.
Having become an exponent of Italian national consciousness, Julius II proposed to drive the French from Italy, but his second war, which lasted from September to May , was unsuccessful.
Giuliano della rovere biography of albert It was the shortest conclave in the history of the papacy. When this failed, Giuliano stayed on in the French court. The Pope added wisely to the church's treasures. Julius, therefore, ordered Cesare Borgia to surrender the fortified places of the Romagna into his ownhands.Several cardinals defected to Louis XII and called a schismatic council, to which Julius responded by summoning the fifth Lateran Council. After concluding an alliance with Venice and Ferdinand II of Spain and Naples in October , he opened the council in May at the Lateran Palace. Louis XII had defeated the troops of the alliance at Ravenna in April , but the situation changed when Swiss troops were sent to the Pope's aid.
The territories in northern Italy occupied by the French revolted, the French left the country, and the Papal States were augmented by the acquisition of Parma and Piacenza. Toward the end of his life, he viewed with concern the replacement of French by Spanish efforts to attain supremacy in Italy. Julius II was Italy's saviour.
Patron of the arts.
The enduring impact of the life of Julius II stemmed from his gift for inspiring great artistic creations.
His name is closely linked with those of such great artists as Bramante, Raphael, and Michelangelo. With his wealth of visionary ideas, he contributed to their creativity. Following an overall plan, he added many fine buildings to Rome and laid the groundwork in the Vatican Museum for the world's greatest collection of antiquities.
Among the innumerable Italian churches that benefitted from his encouragement of the arts was Sta. Maria del Popolo in Rome, for which he commissioned Andrea Sansovino to create sepulchres for a number of cardinals and Pinturicchio to paint the frescoes in the apse. Donato Bramante became the architect of Julius' fortifications in Latium, of the two galleries that form the Belvedere Court, and of other Vatican buildings.
Around the Pope conceived the idea of building a new basilica of St. Peter, the first model of which Bramante created. Its foundation stone was laid on April 18,
The Pope's friendship with Michelangelo, begun in , was enduring despite recurrent strains imposed on their relations by the two overly similar personalities.
Their relationship was so close that the Pope became, in fact, Michelangelo's intellectual collaborator.
Giuliano della rovere biography of albert bandura: Julius I, St. Measure content performance. In the treaty effected between them, it was stipulated that Giuliano should remain in possession of all his dignities and benefices, and should be guaranteed secure and undisturbed residence in Rome. Use limited data to select advertising.
Of Julius' tomb only the “Moses? in the church of S. Pietro in Vincoli, in Rome, was completed; the Pope is, however, not interred there but in St. Peter's, along with the remains of Sixtus IV. The famous bronze statue of the Pope for the church of S. Petronio in Bologna, completed in , was destroyed in In Michelangelo was prevailed upon by Julius to begin his paintings on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, which were unveiled in October The paintings, which represent a climax in Western art, were, in form and conception, a product of the artistic symbiosis of Michelangelo and the Pope.
By Raphael, introduced to Julius, had begun his masterpieces for the Pope, the frescoes in three rooms of the Vatican.
Spiritual references to the person and the pontificate of Julius II are evident in one of the rooms (the Stanza della Segnatura), where earthly and celestial wisdom are juxtaposed in the “School of Athens? and the “Disputa,?
Giuliano della rovere biography of albert hall By Raphael, introduced to Julius, had begun his masterpieces for the Pope, the frescoes in three rooms of the Vatican. Toward the end of his life, he viewed with concern the replacement of French by Spanish efforts to attain supremacy in Italy. The dukedom of the Romagna had been bestowed upon Cesare Borgia, and the Venetians had moved in on these papal lands in In April of , the French defeated alliance troops at Ravenna, but when Swiss troops were sent to northern Italy to help the pope, the territories revolted against their French occupiers.while the beauty of creativity is represented in the “Parnassus.? The theme of another room (the Stanza d'Eliodoro), which could be called a transcendental “political? biography of the Pope, is still more personal. “The Expulsion of Heliodorus from the Temple? symbolizes the expulsion of the French and the subjugation of all the church's enemies, with Julius II depicted witnessing the scene from his portable throne.
Closely related to this is the “Liberation of St. Peter,? in which light and darkness serve to symbolize the historic events of the pontificate. The third great fresco in this room, the “Mass of Bolsena,? shows the Pope kneeling, rather than enthroned, in commemoration of his veneration of the corporale (communion cloth) of Bolsena in the cathedral of Orvieto.
In addition to these fresco portraits, there is one by Raphael in the Uffizi gallery in Florence, one of the masterpieces of portraiture, which shows the Pope not as the victorious Moses springing to his feet, as Michelangelo portrayed him, but as a resigned, pensive old man at the end of an adventurous, embattled life.
Michelangelo's chalk drawing of the Pope in the Uffizi gallery approaches it in quality.
As cardinal, Julius II fathered three illegitimate daughters, Felice, Clarissa, and Giulia, none of whom achieved any particular distinction.
Giuliano della rovere biography of albert einstein He effected a monetary reform, increased papal revenue by the sale of curial offices, and restored a treasury left almost empty by the Borgias. Jullien, Gilles. Julius II used persuasion with the Venetians, who relinquished some of these Romagna holdings but continued to hold Rimini and Faenza. For the accomplishment of this task no pope was ever better suited than Julius, whom nature and circumstances had hewn out for a soldier.He made four members of the Della Rovere family cardinals, only one of whom achieved any importance. From the marriage of the Pope's only brother, Giovanni, to the daughter and heiress of Duke Federigo of Montefeltro descended the dukes of Urbino.
The Pope added wisely to the church's treasures. Although he had little of the priest in him, he was concerned toward the end only with the church's grandeur.
He wished for greatness for the papacy rather than for the pope, and he wished for peace in Italy. The Swiss historian Jacob Burckhardt called him the “saviour of the papacy,? because Alexander VI had greatly endangered its existence for the sake of his family interests.
Assessment.
Julius had an extraordinarily violent temper, often lost his self-control, and could be rude and often even vulgar in manner. Yet, apart from the avarice and corruption inherent in his office and time as much as in himself, he was incapable of baseness and vindictiveness and despised informers and flatterers; no one was able to influence his decisions.
Everywhere he saw and sought out greatness. He lacked the smooth manners of the servile. His faults arose from his relentless candour and uncontrollable temper. He was called terrible, an epithet suggesting that he was regarded as sublime, even superhuman.
Additional reading
Ludwig von Pastor, Geschichte der Päpste, vol.
2 (; The History of the Popes, vol. 6, ), is the standard work of papal history; E.P. Rodocanochi, Histoire de Rome: Le Pontificat de Jules II, – (), the main French work on Julius; and G.B. Picotti, La politica italiana sotto il pontificato di Giulio II (), a study of Italian politics at the time of Julius. Two more recent biographies are C.
Fusero, Giulio II (); and L. Bindi Senesi, Giulio II ().
Hans Kühner
© Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Sources
- Encylopedia Britannica , Expanded Edition DVD
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